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Introduction@#According to the manuscript “Imperially commissioned complete record of the body”, the study was selected to clarify the name of the plant, as it is difficult to recognize and translate the medicinal raw materials directly from Manchu, Tibetan, Chinese, Latin, and Sanskrit into Uighur and Mongolian scripts.@*Methods@#We conducted our research using hermeneutic, verification, and checklist methods.@*Results@#“Imperially commissioned complete record of the body” scripture is a rare book based on European anatomical works that combine Western and Eastern medical knowledge. There is reason to believe that European medicine in Mongolia was a witness to the spread of the anthropology of the human body.</br> It is clear from the 6 books that the two volumes are based on the basic tenets of Indian and Chinese medicine, Buddhist philosophy, and the teachings of the five elements and yin-yang. The study included “Ingredients for Correcting Anxiety”, “Ingredients for Correcting Heart Attack,” and “Ingredients for Correcting Depression”. These three ingredients were the basis of the recipes of Oriental medicine in the European medical books. Comparing the taste, potency, and action of all selected medicinal raw materials using traditional medicine, such as “The quintessence Tantras of Tibetan Medicine” and other books, it is clear that the classical European medical tradition differs from the modern medical classification.@*Conclusion@#“Imperially commissioned complete record of the body” manuscript is a documentary scripture used by Mongolian shepherds and herdsmen on the achievements of European medicine, free from religious traditions and taboos. In addition, there found 18 traditional medicinal plants and 7 types of animal medicines used in heart disease.
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Abstract@#The basis of the development of traditional medicine in the XXI century is to study the old medical books and scriptures created by ancient Mongolian doctors and scientists of previous generations. For example, it is important to deepen the scientific understanding of “Man ngag rin chen ‘byung” written by Mongolian doctor ‘Jam dpal chos kyi bstan ‘dzin phrin las in Tibetan, and to understand the content and charms of the Man ngag rin chen ‘byung.@*Purpose@#Sampling and analysis of experimental prescriptions in the “Man ngag rin chen ‘byung” written by Mongolian doctor ‘Jam dpal chos kyi bstan ‘dzin phrin las in Tibetan. @*Research methods@#Methodologies of ancient textbook analysis and check list of textbook were used.@*Conclusion@#In the concluding remarks of the “Man ngag rin chen ‘byung” written by Mongolian doctor ‘Jam dpal chos kyi bstan ‘dzin phrin las, it was stated that there are many medicinal raw materials in the practice. He mentioned that: “I have summarized the benefits of medical literature written by the ancient doctors of Mongolian medicine to facilitate for people to learn.” An analysis of this sentence reveals that in the current understanding of medical science, it is evidence-based practice (EBP).
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Abstract@#In recent years, the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine has been developing significantly. However, there are few research papers on Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation written by foreign researchers in ancient times. Therefore, the study was carried out to fill this “gap” and to clarify the ancient works of foreign researchers related to Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation.@*Purpose of the study@#To chronologically identify the early works of foreign researchers on the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine.@*Research method@#Hermeneutic approach, analysis of ancient textbook, and analysis and synthesis methods were used.@*Conclusion@#According to facts and eyewitnesses in the book of Zhouhou Beijifang (Emer- gency Prescriptions) by Ge Hong (261-341) of the Jin Dynasty, Jingui Yaolüe (Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet) by Chang Ji, the Northern Han Dynasty’s notes on “Xiongnu Doctors Carry Toxic Drugs”, Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Rashid-ad-Din, William de Rubruck’s “Journey to the Orient”, and book of Plano Carpini, an Italian tourist, the development of pharmacology and pharmaceuticals in traditional Mongolian medicine dates back to the Xiongnu period. Later, in the fourteenth century, it became an independent system of medical knowledge of many nations, as evidenced by the writings of Chinese, Persian, French, and Italian scholars as well as religious envoys.
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@#Since anatomist and doctor Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) knew that a thorough knowledge of human anatomy was essential to surgery, he devoted much of his time to dissections of cadavers and insisted on doing them himself, instead of relying on untrained assistants. As a result, he created his famous work called “De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” in 1543. This creation was evaluated as scientific discoveryin Europe.</br> Two hundred forty years later, Dominique Parennin (1665-1741)wrote the book “ManchuAnatomy”by the order of Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722). Thebook was written by hand and the Kangxi Emperor was given three copies. The whole name of the “Manchu Anatomy”is «Imperially-Commissioned Complete Record on the Body. Unfortunately, the Kangxi Emperor did not allow the publication of the book. It was indeed sad that Kangxi Emperor, who distinguished himself by his unusual intelligence and was noted for his encouragement of the arts and sciences, failed to perceive the importance of the «Manchu Anatomy». Had it been printed and disseminated it certainly would have revolutionized Chinese medicine, as Vesalius› «De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” did for European medicine.</br> However, Dominique Parennin has sent another special copy to the Royal Academy of Science in Paris, which he was a corresponding member. In a letter dated May 1, 1723 accompanying the «Manchu Anatomy» he wrote in old French: Vous serez peut-etre surpris que je vous envoye de- si loin un traite d›Anatomie, un corps de Medecine, et des questions de Physiques ecrites en une langue, qui, sans doute, vous est inconnue; mais votre surprise cessera quand- vous verrez que ce sont vos propres ouvrages que je vous envoye habilles a la Tartare. Oui, Messieurs, ce sont vos pensees et vos ingenieuses decouvertes. In this study, we have translated this letter into Mongolian and explained the content of letter. Thanks to this book, in Europe and America, the book is known as the Manchu Anatomy, and many researchers published several books and scientific articles about the book. However, there is no one who has found that this book has been translated into Mongolian except the Manchu language. Our next study is to compare the Manchus and the Mongolian texts of this book.
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Introduction@#This work includes information on diseases and important rich experiences of medicine. However, the initial work has not been clearly stated in the versions. The reason and purpose to do our research is that the work has not been introduced to the practice. @*Methods@#The document analysis, logical argumentation, comparative historical research and hermeneutics have been utilized in the research.@*Results@#</br>1. Five years were spent to print the four original copies of the work by the help of scholars and Jesuit fathers. An original copy of the work is kept in the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris and another original copy is in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. </br>2. The work illustrates anatomy, diagnosis of diseases, medicine and treatments. It is interesting that the story of the work is stated in the first topic. </br>3. By comparing Mongolian versions, the topic on anatomy was absent in the version of Zodovjav’s translation. Different time and different word choice of translations influenced dissimilar versions in Mongolian.@*Conclusion@#</br>1. This work was written in the first two decades of the 18th century by the order of Emperor K’ang Hsi of Manchu. </br>2. This work is the medicine book that connects Eastern medicine to Western. </br>3. Even though translations of word are different in the versions, the contents are alike.
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@#In 1687 the first contingent of French Jesuits Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730) and others arrived in Manchu Qing dynasty, then under the reign of Kangxi (Enkh-Amgalan khaan). Bouvet and Gerbillon elected to remain in Beijing. Five years after they came, Kangxi was forty years of age (in 1692), he had malaria and could not be cured by medicine. A Jesuit priest presented quinine to Kangxi who was cured by this medicine. Having personally sampled and benefited from Western medicine, the Emperor became very interested in the foreigners’ science. He ordered Bouvet to prepare for his instruction a treatise on anatomy. The anatomy project was not resumed, for Bouvet soon departed for France. The task was later completed by another Jesuit, Dominique Parennin (1665-1741), who arrived in China in 1698. To serve as the blueprint for his assignment, Parennin chose the text of one of the standard works on anatomy in Europe at that time, written by Pierre Dionis, which he considered to be the most exact and clear. However, for the illustrations he preferred the text of the Dane, Thomas Bartholin [1]. Thus, the “Manchu anatomy” created based on the books of European anatomy in Manchu dynasty. </br> The significance of this research work is that Manchu anatomy was the first attempt to try to combine Western and Oriental medicine and also to be a modern anatomy base of the methods of traditional medicine. On the other hand, it can be said it is the first initiation to combine principles and views of Western medicine and Traditional Mongolian medicine. </br> The book “Manchu anatomy” was translated from Manchu language into Mongolian by Mongolian scholars as the title of “Imperially-Commissioned Complete Record on the Body.” We consider that this translation is completed one including 2 volumes and 6 chapters. Currently, it is impossible to tell the exact time when it was translated. However, we hope that to determine the exact time of the translation could be found further study. Later, in 1929, another version of Mongolian script was published in Inner Mongolia by the name of “Imperially-Commissioned ge ti ciovan lu bichig.” But it is not completed translation. </br> End of study we concluded that the “Manchu anatomy” is not only anatomical book based on European anatomical book but also it covers some knowledge of Oriental medicine. For example, Tibetan and Sanskrit names of medicine and their ingredients are in this book. Mongolian medicinal names originated from the animals, especially the names of internal organs which are not used in European countries. Most commonly, human body in this book divided into 5 vital organs and 6 hollow organs in accordance with black astrology of Oriental Medicine and expressed the connection among the embryo, body, and structure in the Western medical theory.
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According to the 2013 WHO survey, the world’s leading cause of death is a coronary heart disease which is accounted for 12.9%. Bypass surgery by grafting Artery mammaria interna to the left anterior descending coronary artery is more clinically significant and has long become an international standard. Aim: To study the outcomes in patients who undergone a bypass surgery ofgrafting the Artery mammaria interna to the left anterior descending coronary artery in an open heart surgery. In 2014 in the case-control study conducted at the Shastin 3rd National Central Hospital, 8 patients who undergone a bypass surgery of grafing Artery mammaria internasinistra to the left anterior descending coronary artery were selected for a case group and 8 patients with bypass grafting of a superficial vein of the leg to the coronary artery were selected as a control group. Related diseases, heart function, type of grafting performed, and post-operative complications were studied. The successful bypass surgeries of grafting the Artery mammaria interna sinistra to the left anterior descending coronary artery without complications in the case group in 2014 has demonstrated that the Mongolian cardiosurgical team was able to successfully and fully introduce this innovative approach that has become an international standard of coronary artery surgery. The introduction of this method enables to eliminate angina pectoris symptoms in patients, restore and improve heart contractions, reduce the chances of a repeat heart attack, and thus, to improve the patient’s ability to live and work normally.
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BackgroundOpen cardiac surgery in CPB condition has increased dramatically in the recent 5 years. Therefore,multidisciplinary researches are needed on this new technological method. The surgical results andperioperative complications depends on keeping normal level of homeostasis parameters during CPBin the open heart surgery.Materials and MethodsTo study the parameters of homeostasis during cardiopulmonary bypass, we concluded retrospectivesample survey using CPB reports from 535 patients, who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB between2008 and 2012, in 3rd Hospital’s cardiovascular surgery department.We calculated average parameters of homeostasis, and studied heart recovery process.ResultIn recent 5 years, artery blood indicators were pH=7.45±0.06, paCO2=28.8±5.86 mm.Hg,paO2=398.3±99.33 mm.Hg, BE=-4.15±2.51 mmol/l, HCO¯3=20.57±2.18 mmol/l, Ht=28.15±5%,K+=4.12±0.87 mmol/l and Na+=140±3.22 mmol/l during open cardiac surgery in CPB condition(n=535).80.3% of patients’ heart spontaneously recovered and stabilized with sinus rhythm. 16.4% of them wererecovered with fibrillation while 2.1% of them were recovered with adrenomimetic support and 1.2% ofthem were recovered with strong adrenomimetic support and defibrillation.Conclusions:1. When acid and alkaline balance was normal during CPB, hyperoxia and hypocapnia are appearedthrough gas analysis (p=0.0001).2. While blood cardioplegic solution is used, heart is refreshed with 80.3% sinusial rhythm(p=0.0001).
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BackgroundOpen cardiac surgery in CPB condition has increased dramatically in the recent 5 years. Therefore,multidisciplinary researches are needed on this new technological method. The surgical results andperioperative complications depends on keeping normal level of homeostasis parameters during CPBin the open heart surgery.Materials and MethodsTo study the influence of blood cardioplegic and Del Nido’s solution on homeostasis duringcardiopulmonary bypass, we concluded retrospective sample survey using CPB reports from 535 patients,who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB between 2008 and 2012, in 3rd Hospital’s cardiovascularsurgery department.We calculated average parameters of homeostasis, and studied an aortic cross clamp, CPB time,hemodilution and heart recovery process, on three stages of the surgery.We did comparative study on 21 cases of children, who went under congenital heart disease surgery;using Del Nido’s and blood cardioplegic solution.ResultIn recent 5 years, artery blood indicators were pH=7.45±0.06, paCO2=28.8±5.86 mm.Hg,paO2=398.3±99.33 mm.Hg, BE=-4.15±2.51 mmol/l, HCO¯3=20.57±2.18 mmol/l, Ht=28.15±5%,K+=4.12±0.87 mmol/l and Na+=140±3.22 mmol/l during open cardiac surgery in CPB condition(n=535).In case group (n=21), these indicators were pH=7.33±0.09, paCO2=37.49±12.11 mm.Hg,paO2=465.76±77.54 mm.Hg, BE=-6.2±2.78 mmol/l, HCO¯3=20.44±2.46 mmol/l, Ht=27.38±5.12%,K+=3.65±0.46 mmol/l and Na+=141.22±2.64 mmol/l. In control group (n=21), above results werepH=7.40±0.07, paCO2=28.52±6.34 mm.Hg, paO2=394±88.92 mm.Hg, BE=-5.52±2.37 mmol/l,HCO¯3=18.84±2.39 mmol/l, Ht=27.66±3.52%, K+=3.86±0.66 mmol/l and Na+=141.2±3.22 mmol/l.Conclusions:1. When acid and alkaline balance was normal during CPB, hyperoxia and hypocapnia are appearedthrough gas analysis (p=0.0001). Metabolic acidity and hyperoxia showed up in the case group, whohad used Del Nido’s solution (p=0.0001).2. As the beginning of CPB, patient’s hematocrit is reduced by 10.26% (p=0.0001). The influences ofboth Del-Nido and blood cardioplegic solutions are the same on hemodilutes (p=0.26).3. While blood cardioplegic solution is used, heart is refreshed with 80.3% sinusial rhythm(p=0.0001).4. Aortic cross clamp time and increases repetition of cardioplegic solutions are correlated with cardiacrecovery time positively (r=0.445, p=0.0001, n=520).